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Atlantic herring - Fish of the year 2022

Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus

The German Fishing Association eV (DAFV) has been in coordination with the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN)  and the Association of German Scuba Divers (VDST) determined to use the Atlantic herring (clupea harengus) to be named again as fish of the year in 2022. Due to the corona pandemic in 2021, it was not possible to give the herring the attention and recognition that this species of fish deserves. The Atlantic herring (clupea harengus) is therefore also the fish of the year 2022.

Research on herring has been intensified in recent years. The new findings - possibly also through the appointment of herring as fish of the year 2021 - z. B. from the Thünen Institute on one Website and impressively presented in a podcast (Climate Change and the Sea - The Baltic Sea Case, Parts 1 and 2).

The situation of herring in the Baltic Sea has worsened again this year. The spawning biomass of herring is stabilizing at a very low level in the western Baltic Sea. For the herring in the central Baltic Sea, however, it looks even worse than last year. The supposedly up-and-coming year 2019 is probably not as big as initially assumed. According to ICES, despite all the restrictions, both stocks are still subject to excessive fishing pressure. The landings of herring in Germany have almost halved from 17.000 t in 2018 to 9.250 t in 2019 due to the fishing restrictions. This means that the economic importance of herring in the coastal regions is also declining, although herring was still the fourth most popular food fish in Germany in 2020. The demand must therefore be met from imports or fishing grounds that are far away. Without stable herring stocks, coastal fishing in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania is about to end in the near future.


Distribution area - Image: commons.wikimedia.org, Misigon

In addition to commercial fishing, climate change and the associated warming of the Baltic Sea are one of the main reasons for the dwindling herring stocks. Warmer water allows the herring to spawn earlier and the larvae more quickly. At this time, however, the basic foodstuff, the zooplankton (small crustaceans), is not yet available in sufficient quantities and in an edible size for the herring larvae. This is only the case when the days get longer - as the herring larvae arrive earlier, they miss out on the vital zooplankton. Decreasing herring stocks are also expected to have further effects on the Baltic Sea ecosystem, as herring is not only a consumer but also an important food source for other species such as cod, seals and porpoises in this water system. The surface temperature in February 2020 was the highest in 30 years. At the same time, the lowest number of herring larvae in the last 2020 years was reported in 30. According to science, the warming of the Baltic Sea can explain over 50% of the sinking offspring and is therefore to be regarded as the most important single factor. Another serious factor for the herring is the excessive nutrient input (eutrophication) into the Baltic Sea and the Bodden waters. This oversupply of nutrients favors the growth of free-floating algae in the Greifswalder Bodden and at the same time reduces the incidence of light in deeper water layers. Without light, larger plants can no longer grow and the herrings consequently lack the spawning substrate necessary for reproduction. In the Greifswalder Bodden, one of the most important spawning areas for spring-spawning herring, the coverage of the seabed with higher aquatic plants has decreased to around 7% of the original area. Science is of the opinion that a reduction in nutrient input through agriculture, for example via the Peene River during the spawning season, would have immediately noticeable positive effects on the increased growth of algae.

Illustration: DAFV, Eric Otten

An ecosystem as large as the Baltic Sea is subject to many influencing factors. Accordingly, it is not possible to attribute the decline in herring to any particular aspect. Rather, all parameters must be viewed and evaluated in conjunction with one another. However, it is undisputed that one of the best-known and most popular food fish - herring - is endangered in Germany. There are various causes for this hazard. Above all, climate change, with its far-reaching effects on ecological relationships, plays a decisive role here. With the herring as fish of the year 2022, we want to draw attention to the changed living conditions and the enormous importance of this fish species in the coastal regions for another year.

Source: DAFV

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